The basic of industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Manual for refrigeration servicing introduction technicians. By the way, if you have ever turned your car off on a hot summer day when you have had the air conditioner running, you may have heard a hissing noise under the hood. Because ammonias properties are best suited to large refrigeration systems, there is likely to be a large amount of ammonia in any system that uses it. Instruments for industrial ammonia refrigeration plant on vimeo. Certificates of completion for nonaia members are available on request. Industrial refrigeration system basics ammonia refrigerant. Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from visible impurities. Ammonia refrigeration basics textbook schoolcraft publishing.
Mechanical refrigeration developed in 1800s first practical refrigerating machine using vapor compression developed in 1834 basic closed cycle refrigeration system has changed very little since then early refrigerants included ammonia, sulfuric ether, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride. The overall charge has no steadystate effect for some designs. Hazards of ammonia releases at ammonia refrigeration facilities accident prevention and response manual for anhydrous ammonia refrigeration system operators anhydrous ammonia theft additional ammonia safety resources. Ammonia is a veryefficient refrigerant, and one of the most costeffective refrigerants for commercial use. We look at 3d models, animations and real world examples. Together, this means the refrigeration system uses a large amount of pure ammonia under high pressure.
Understanding ammonia refrigeration systems understanding the differences among the three types of ammonia refrigeration systems and how each works is a necessity for every technician that works on them by rick dumas and chris harmon s far back as can remember man has used ammonia for one reason or another it is in. A theoretical refrigeration cycle includes the following 4 phases. Absorption chiller, how it works working principle hvac. Fittings for welded pipe should match the type of pipe used i. Ammonia refrigeration iiar process safety management. Dangerous hydrostatic conditions can occur if a jug is filled 100% full with refrigerant vapour. New jugs of refrigerant are shipped from the manufacturer 80% full by weight. The first is a sidebyside arrangement, an example of which is shown in figure 9.
Iiar process safety management guidelines for ammonia refrigeration. An operator verifies that a condenser water pump is cavitating in a refrigeration system employing r22 refrigerant, what is the most likely cause for this condition. Second, the operation is sensitive to the initial charge and later to leaks. That noise is the sound of highpressure liquid refrigerant flowing through the expansion valve. Figure 1 is a flow diagram of a typical singlestage ammonia system, showing its basic components. Mechanical refrigeration works by changing the the majority of heat is removed from the the majority of the works by removedchanging the absorbed heat is state of the refrigerant. This requirement is spelled out in iiar bulletin 109 section 5. Test your ammonia refrigeration knowledge in appendix e. Instruments for industrial ammonia refrigeration plant on. End users of ammonia refrigeration systems are increasingly interested in reducing the charge of ammonia in evaporators and in the overall system in the interest of minimizing. The physics of vaporcompression refrigeration require the system to use enough pressure to compress the gas into a liquid. Annual ammonia inspection mechanical integrity inspections.
Questions 11 through 89 not displayed, online exam is not active. Illustration using the combination of ammonia and water as an example. Typical systems the best way to undelstand ammonia refrigeration sys. Ammonia release incidents 2007 2015 bc safety authority case study refrigeration basics a refrigeration system is comprised of interconnected parts forming a system in which refrigerant is circulated for the purpose of cooling a designated space or surface. Ammonia refrigeration technology single stage compression with evaporators configured as directexpansion flooded overfeed multistage compression systems cascade systems. Mechanical refrigeration developed in 1800s first practical refrigerating machine using vapor compression developed in 1834 basic closed cycle refrigeration system has changed very little since then early refrigerants included ammonia, sulfuric ether, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride only ammonia secured a lasting role.
Ammonia refrigeration basics ammonia has been established as the refrigerant of choice in the food preservation business due to its unmatched thermodynamic properties. It is not used in modern home refrigeration, anymore, because its fumes can be toxic. For most refrigeration applications, the housings are made of grey cast iron, though nodular or ductile iron is available. Downing technical consult, dupont company introduction refrigeration is the process of taking heat from someplace where it isnt wanted and disposing of it somewhere else. This manual is specific for ammonia refrigeration evaporator hot gas defrost systems and is not applicable or suitable for cfc, hcfc, hfc or other refrigerants. Manufacturers usually place motors and other powerconsuming components on the right side of the diagram. It is intended that this chapter be used as a general reference source and that in all cases, recommended practices issued by equipment manufacturers and suppliers take precedence over these. The persistent issue of ozone and global warming has led to interest in natural refrigerants, such as ammonia, which has played a prominent role in the refrigeration industry for years. Firstly the general requirements of safe refrigeration system design will be considered, based on the accident statistics given in section 2 and secondly the specific additional requirements particular to ammonia. Couplings, elbows, and tees for threaded pipe are for a minimum of 3000 psi design pressure and constructed of forged steel.
Water cannot have a content above 33 parts per million ppm and oil cannot have a content above 2 ppm. Ammonia gas is very harmful, and may be fatal, if you inhale it. Although each separate part covers a specific area of refrigeration theory and practice, each successive publication presumes a basic understanding of the material presented in the previous sections. The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the compressor, and the cycle repeats. The information about the princip of industrial ammonia compression refrigeration system, which aims to production cold water for the operation. Preserving the purity of the ammonia is essential to ensure proper function of the refrigeration. Co2, ammonia, r4a car a c, hfo1234yf tools air conditioner cleaning measuring tools refrigerant service tools 58 can be used for maintenance of co2 air conditioning equipment, etc. It is an ebook for people who are involved in training and. Ammonia ions are a naturally occurring body chemical and are.
Lecture refrigeration an introduction to the basics. Some ammonia based systems are similar to designs used in. The specific requirements for a particular system must be. It is usually done by an artificial means of lowering the temperature, such as by the use of ice or mechanical refrigeration, which is a mechanical system or apparatus, designed and. Ammonia cooling systems make the basis of industrial refrigeration for industries such as frozen foods, pharmaceuticals, food processing and beverage processing.
Region 7 thanks all who contributed their time and expertise to the. Recovered refrigerant must not fill a jug more than 60% by weight. The textbook concludes with coverage of liquid recirculation system operation. This solution can cause serious burns to the skin or eyes.
When compiling the material for the booklet a deliberate attempt was made to pro. Introduction chapter 1 introduction courtesy of frick background this guide identifies and discusses best practices for making industrial refrigeration systems both energyefficient and productive. Study 72 terms basic refrigeration questions flashcards. Retreived from foia by garden city ammonia program on 11. A typical example is household refrigeration systems. If you are engaged in manufacturing or supply chain for such perishable products, you need to know all about. Refrigeration fundamentals heatcraft worldwide refrigeration.
Using ammonia for refrigeration is effective, saves resources and is generally safe. It raises the pressure, temperature and enthalpy of the refrigerant by compressing the saturated gas, in an isentropic process, to a superheated. Compressor basic refrigeration cycle evaporator condenser receiver expansion device. Introduction to ammonia refrigeration systems ashrae. The highest levels of efficiency in these systems are achieved through a.
This means less kwh used and lower operating costs. The danfoss product range for the refrigeration and air. While the average person doesnt realize it, just about all food and drinks that are purchased have been kept cold using ammonia refrigeration at some point along the way. Accident prevention and response manual for anhydrous ammonia refrigeration system operators. Understanding industrial refrigeration from the inside out. Iiar guideline sheet that is recommended for the low charge ammonia. Optimal operation of an ammonia refrigeration cycle. Oct 21, 2011 check out some pictures of an ammonia refrigeration system. Of the number of visitors to this website, the most frequently asked question is.
Characteristics of selected types of equipment sheet. Pdf industrial refrigeration and ammonia enhanced heat transfer. The problem is how to convey heat from an area of a given temperature to an area of higher temperature. Industrial refrigeration best practices guide 1 chapter 1. Industrial refrigeration system basics, in this video well be looking at how ammonia refrigeration systems work, starting at the basics to understand how industrial refrigeration. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to ces records for aia members. The compression refrigeration cycle on the h, log pdiagram 66. Heres your chance to see how much of the material in this book you have grasped. Provides and overview of oshas process safety management psm standard. In this video were going to be looking at industrial refrigeration system basics with a focus on ammonia refrigeration systems, well start at the basics and work our way up covering some typical systems for single stage, two stage as well as cascade systems to help you learn the basics of industrial refrigeration. Sensors pressure, ammonia, etc this course should be considered a minimum requirement for entry level industrial refrigeration operators, decisionmakers involved or personnel involved in psmrmp. Jul 17, 2017 ammonia refrigeration systems operate in a similar manner to fluorocarbon systems, but have several key differences.
Part 1 fundamentals of refrigeration part 2 refrigeration system components part 3 the refrigeration load part 4. Ammonia refrigeration fundamentals graphic products. Aug 12, 2017 in this video we learn how an absorption chiller works, covering the basics and working principles of operation. A variety of cast steel housings are also available including lcb, lc2, or lc3 for improved ductility at lower application temperatures. Jul 22, 20 industrial refrigeration system basics ammonia refrigeration working principle duration. Any water in the system would freeze and obstruct piping, so ammonia refrigeration systems must use anhydrous ammonia without water or other impurities. Safety practices people doing any work on a refrigeration system must be qualified and completely familiar with the system.
First, the charge can usually not be adjusted continuously. While you will not usually find an ammonia based system inside a home ammonia is a very toxic substance, and the refrigerators are very expensive, they are used in factories that need large refrigeration devices that can cool substances very quickly. This is because it is a reliable and efficient refrigerant with years of safe. The compressor does work on the refrigeration system consumes energy. An introduction to ammonia refrigeration systems ashrae is a registered provider with the american institute of architects continuing education systems. Welcome to the manual for refrigeration servicing technicians. The design of safe ammonia systems will be considered from two aspects. Standard a 53 type f is not permitted for ammonia piping. Identification of ammonia refrigeration piping and system. Yes, it is different from refrigeration and airconditioning using halocarbon refrigerants. Industrial refrigeration basics the engineering mindset. The refrigerant is circulated through a cycle of expansion and compression that. Refrigeration basics quiz questions 2 hvac certification. Soso our refrigeration basics was apopemptic, refrigeration basics pdf envious ammonia.
There is no time limit for this test but it is not an open book test. Additionally, epa has published a wide range of ammonia safetyrelated publications, including. Back to basics whether youre new to refrigeration or just want to brush up on your basics, the following information may be useful. Ammonia dissolves readily in water to give a very corrosive solution. Th movement cooling by the removal of heat the movement of heat from a place where it is notot a ted to a wanted to a. Fundamentals of mechanical refrigeration systems course content introduction mechanical refrigeration is a thermodynamic process of removing heat from a lower temperature heat source or substance and transferring it to a higher temperature heat sink. Course offerings industrial refrigeration technical college. This bulletin covers the basics of ammonia as a refrigerant.
A level of just 500 ppm that is, 1 part in 2,000 of ammon ia in air is potentially fatal. It is readily available, inexpensive, operates at pressures comparable with other refrigerants. Firstly the general requirements of safe refrigeration system design will be considered, based on the accident statistics given in section 2 and secondly the specific additional requirements particular to ammonia will be examined. There are two basic configurations used in schematics today to show the approximate placement of loads, switches, and different power or supply voltages. Manual for refrigeration servicing technicians unep dtie. Guidelines for startup, inspection, and maintenance of ammonia mechanical refrigerating systems 1. The ammonia refrigeration basics textbook covers all aspects of using ammonia as a refrigerant. Is there a guideline for colors of an ammonia pipe. An industrial ammonia refrigeration system is used for largescale operations. The growing concern for environmental impact and fgas regulation has pushed refrigeration technicians towards natural alternatives like ammonia and carbon dioxide refrigerants. As a result, any ammonia based refrigeration system is going to present a risk of accidental exposure to high.
Feedback ammonia and refrigeration page 3 contents glossary introduction history p. Continuous refrigeration can be accomplished by several different processes. This process can be as simple as placing a dish of strawberries in a snowbank or as. In this three day class students will be introduced to the fundamentals of industrial refrigeration including compressor, condenser, pump and. Bc safety authority case study ammonia release incidents. Ammonia refrigeration is one of the older types of refrigeration that is still used today. It describes both singlestage and twostage ammonia systems, and explains the importance of accumulators and inter coolers in ammonia refrigeration. Understanding the basics of industrial ammonia refrigeration. Refrigeration fundamentals 2175 west park place blvd. Understanding electrical schematics part 1 revised. Computer control panel on a 500 ton frick screw machine. Appendix b ammonia refrigeration application data b2 ammonia data book may 2008 alternatively, figure b1 has been generated which allows one to quickly look up a cfm ton for a series of more commonly encountered refrigeration cycle conditions.
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